1.
Pathology And Serum Biochemistry Of Layers Affected With Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome
by Ahmad Jawad Sabir | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fatty liver syndrome is a non-infectious disease of chickens, primarily cage layers, characterized by enlarged, fat-infiltrated livers, with or without subcapsular hemorrhages and excessive abdominal fat deposits. Excessive caloric intake is thought to be one causative factor, and the disease occurs frequently after molting when caloric intake is high. Cage layers move less, using less energy which may contribute to the problem. The present project was designedto study the serum biochemical and pathological changes in the laying hens affected with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome and possible dietary sources responsible for this syndrome.
For this purpose healthy and diseased birds from commercial poultry farms having problem of FLHS in their flocks were selected. Three types of samples i.e. blood, tissue and feed samples were collected. Serum samples were processed to quantify concentration of different plasma enzymes including ALT, AST, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and LDH levels by using standard protocols. Values obtained from both healthy and diseased birds were compared. While liver samples were collected from both diseased and healthy birdsfor study of gross and microscopic changes in their structure. Proximate analysis of feed samples which were collected from each farm having this problem was conducted to check the level of fats and carbohydrates. Data was statistically analyzed by applying student t-test.
The average concentration of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase were 10.78±2.01 (IU/L), 195.5±28.93 (IU/L), 69.2±5.14 (mg/dl), 217.52±23.63 (mg/dl), 205.14±19.6 (mg/dl) and 2466.06±336.2 (IU/L) respectively in diseased birds. The corresponding values in the healthy birds were 4.12±1.7 (IU/L), 81.16±6.83 (IU/L), 59.44±4.92 (mg/dl), 131.94±8.93 (mg/dl), 188.38±13 (mg/dl) and 1706.64±244.37 (IU/L) respectively. The activities of SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol and LDH were significantly higher in diseased than in healthy birds (p<0.05). Some birds in diseased group showed 2-3 times greater concentration of plasma enzymes as compared to healthy birds. For the definitive diagnosis of this problem histopathological studies were conducted on liver samples. Liver from healthy birds showed no changes while diseased birds showed both gross and microscopic changes. Feed samples were collected from respective farms and proximate analysis was conducted. Average fat and carbohydrate content recorded for feed samples was 6.44±1.43% and 57.75±3.79% respectively. While feed analysis of control poultry diets showed a significant difference having fat 03.21±0.89% and NFE was55.77±1.67%.
It was concluded from this study that selected parameters of serum biochemistry including SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lactate dehydrogenase could be useful in the diagnosis of FLHS. There is significant increase in concentration of these enzymes in blood of affected birds specially laying hens. Macroscopic and microscopic changes can also be observed but it will lead to delayed diagnosis of this syndrome. Furthermore balanced feed will be helpful in prevention of this problem while farmers and poultry practitioners can seek help through proximate analysis of feed samples that can help in prevention of this metabolic problem.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1609,T] (1).
2.
Effect of Curcuma Longa on Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Avian Influenza Virus
by Syed Iftikhar Ali Shah (2013-VA-436) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Error Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2264-T] (1).
3.
Study On Pathogenesis Of Mixed Infection Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (Ibv) And Avian Influenza Virus (H9n2) In Experimentally Infected Broiler Chicken
by Arsala Khan (2013-VA-605) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Avian influenza and infectious bronchitis are the most devastating contagious and viral diseases, affected poultry in Pakistan and many other Asian countries. Regarding the virulence, Avian influenza may be low, or high pathogenic. Mainly due to its pandemic potential and contagious nature, the low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) is of major concern in poultry industry especially in Pakistan. Co-infection of poultry with more than one bacterial and /or viral agent is common in field especially in our country due to inadequate biosecurity measures which causes high mortality and confusing the diagnosis of these viruses. Hence the present project was designed to study the pathogenesis of mix infection of IBV and H9N2 through gross, histopathological lesions and antibody titer in experimentally infected broiler chicken. For this purpose a total of 80 specific pathogen free chicks were procured, randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D; and raised under uniform managmental condition in experimental sheds of UVAS Lahore. Group A and B were intarnasally challenged with 0.2 ml infectious bronchitis virus (EID50 = 104.5 per 0.1 ml) at 23rd day of age, likewise group B and C were inoculated with 0.2 ml of H9N2 (EID50 = 106 per ml) at 26th day of age while, group D served as a negative control group. After infection the clinical signs, feed consumed and body weight gain were regularly monitored, the serum samples taken on days 23rd, 26th, 29th, 35th, and 40th day of age were tested for HI antibody titer simultaneously, the necropsy of birds (n=3) sacrificed were conducted to observe the gross lesions, tissue samples including lungs, liver, kidneys and trachea were collected for histopathological evaluation. In IBV infected group, respiratory distress i.e., tracheal rales, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, gasping and reduced feed intake were observed during early stages, later up to 10 days post infection watery diarrhea with ruffled feathers were observed. In mix infected group clinical signs manifested rapidly and were persistent with
Summary
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high severity. Gross lesions in mixed infection were more profound, including; severely congested and hyperemic lungs, tracheitis with catarrhal exudates in lumen; pale, swollen and enlarged kidneys with urates deposition in tubules. Six birds died in mix infected group, revealed caseous exudate in trachea extended up to lower bronchi while, in IBV infected group lesions were mild and confined to trachea, lungs and kidneys. Mortality was high in mix infected group (30%) followed by IBV infected group in which two birds died. While, in H9N2 infected and control group none of the bird died. Histopathological lesions in mix infected group were aggravated markedly tracheal epithelium degeneration and sloughing; congestion, interstitial nephritis, leukocytes infiltration, tubular degeneration and necrosis were observed while, in lungs pneumonia of peribronchiolar area and interstitium with lymphocyte and macrophages infiltration, additionally degeneration and vacuolization of hepatocytes with focal necrotic areas in liver were also noted. In IBV and H9N2 infected group microscopic lesions were of mild degree. GMTs against both IBV and H9N2 in mix infected group were significantly different at P>0.05 than individually infected birds. Among the groups, statistically significant increase in FCR of birds in mix infected group was observed. On the basis of these findings it might be conclude that mix infection of IBV and H9N2 causes severe disease as compared to single infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2296-T] (1).
4.
Effect of Fish Oil on Response of Lymphoid Organs of Broiler Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Zahid (2013-VA-441) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2353-T] (1).
5.
A Comparative Study Of Non-Antibiotic Feed Additives On Experimental Colonization Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteridis And Intestinal Pathomorphology In Broiler Chickens
by Adeem Rehman Raffie (2010-VA-233) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The utility of antimicrobial agents as a preventive measure has been questioned, given extensive documentation of the evolution of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Non-antibiotic feed additives (probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils and organic acids) are being considered to fill this gap and already a few farmers in the country are using them with good results. The present study enable us to understand and compare the beneficial effects of non-antibiotic feed additives on salmonella enterica colonization and changes in intestinal morphology.
This study is designed to evaluate the effect of non-antibiotic feed additives on salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis colonization in intestine of broilers chickens and compare the intestinal morphology between normal healthy, non-antibiotic feed additives supplemented and salmonella challenged broiler chickens.
A total of 125 commercial day-old broiler chicks were procured from the local market. The chicks were divided into six groups A (Basal diet, negative control group), B (Challenge + Basal diet, positive control group), C (probiotic + Challenge + Basal diet), D (prebiotic + Challenge + Basal diet), E (essential oils + Challenge + Basal diet) and F (organic acids + Challenge + Basal diet) with 20 chicks in each group and given separate treatments.
Two separate experiments were carried out for salmonella recovery from cecal tonsils and intestinal pathomorphic evaluation. Villus length, villus width, villus surface area and crypt depth were measured by micrometery. The collected data from both experiments was analyzed using the statistical technique of comparing more than two groups i.e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) through SPSS 16.0.
Summary
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There was an overall increase in all the parameters of intestinal morphometric analysis for all the treatment groups except for the control negative group which showed lowest values. Maximum villus height of 1794.2±63.96 μm in duodenum was achieved by group E, which was given essential oils. Whereas maximum villus surface area index of 1662.6±389.16 mm2 was recorded in group D, which was treated with prebiotics. Maximum villus height of 940.35±23.96 μm and surface area index of 568.92±36.27 mm2 in ileum mucosa was recorded in group D, treated with prebiotic. . Recoverable salmonella was most reduced by probiotics and organic acids.
Final results show that there is an overall increase in histological parameters of the mucosa of duodenum and ileum in the groups fed non-antibiotics feed additives as compared with control groups. Prebiotics showed the maximum positive effects in histological parameters whereas probiotics showed maximum positive effect for decreased recoverable salmonella count. Hence this study suggests that a combination of non-antibiotic feed additives will be beneficial for the intestinal health of broiler chickens but there is a need for more research on combinations of non-antibiotic feed additives. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2844-T] (1).
6.
Detection Of Genetic Variants In Interferon Gamma Gene And Its Association With Resistance Against Mycobacterium Bovis In Buffalo
by Awais Nawaz (2010-VA-219) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Tuberculosis (bovine TB) is a chronic disease of animals and has been known for the significant zoonotic impact. Immune mechanisms necessary for protection against Bovine TB are poorly understood. Interferon-γ cytokine has been reported critically and it is important to study its role in immunity against Bovine TB.
Blood samples were collected from 100 Animals from Peri-urban areas of Lahore, Gujranwala and Okara, Pakistan. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples. Specific primers were designed to amplify specific portion of IFN-γ gene. Amplified products were sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics tools. Interferon-γ assay was performed from blood collected in heparin coated vacutainers for the quantification of interferon-γ cytokine in different groups of animals. Blood samples from mycobacterium infected symptomatic and symptomatic animals were processed in Haematology analyzer for complete blood count.
Genetic sequencing of bovine Interferon gamma gene (IFN- γ) help in finding out the Genetic Variations to characterize its role in resistance against Mycobacterium bovis infection. This study help in finding out the confirmed markers for natural resistance against bovine TB that can be used in future selection and breeding programmes. The comparison of hematological values and Interferon gamma level of different groups of animals help us for the detailed diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.
The collected data from hematological analysis of Mycobacterium infected symptomatic animals (Group A), Mycobacterium infected asymptomatic animals (Group B) and non-infected animals/control Group (Group C) was analyzed using the statistical technique of comparing more than two groups i.e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), One way ANOVA through SPSS 16.0.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
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Mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were found non-significant (p>0.05). White blood cells, Lymphocytes, Platelets, Mean platelet volume and Mean corpuscular volume were found significant (p<0.05). Granulocytes, Red blood cells and Red cell distribution width values were found highly significant.
Interferon gamma assay provided confirmation about the presence of disease in the animals by indicating interferon gamma level to insight the undergoing pathogenesis which was helpful in the detailed diagnosis of the disease. Later on it helped us in the confirmation of false positive results by Tuberculin test.
Final results revealed four intronic variations in different groups of animals. Three of them were found in Group A and B and one was found in Group C (non-infected animals) by Primer 1 (P1). Intronic variations don’t have significant effect but they may have an impact on the regulation of the gene.
We found Transversions (T > A), (A > T), (T > G) were found in mycobacterium infected symptomatic group of animals (Table: 4.7). Transversion (C > G) at and deletion (G >_) was found in this group and exclusive presence of these SNP’s in this group can be considered significant and responsible for the infection. Transversion (A > C) and addition (_ > G) were found in mycobacterium infected asymptomatic group of animals. These two SNP’s are significant as they have been found only in this group. We can infer that the presence of these two SNP's is responsible for the infection along with making them asymptomatic towards the disease.
It was noted that Transition (G > A), (T > C) has been found common in mycobacterium infected symptomatic and asymptomatic group of animals. This common mutation at same position in both groups is quite significant and could be attributed to the occurrence of disease.
Summary Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2881-T] (1).
